Tìm hiểu Seeding trong Laravel

Tram Ho

4 năm ago

Giới thiệu

Laravel cung cấp phương pháp dễ dàng tạo dữ liệu mẫu trong database bằng các lớp seed.
Các lớp seed nằm trong thư mục database/seeds.

Các lớp seed có thể được đặt tên bất kỳ, nhưng nên được đặt theo một số quy tắc, VD PostsTableSeeder.
Mặc định lớp DatabaseSeeder được tạo sẵn, trong lớp này bạn có thể call các seed khác.

Tạo Seeders

Để tạo một seed ta dùng lệnh php artisan make:seed [tên_seed].

<span class="token php language-php"><span class="token delimiter important">&lt;?php</span>

<span class="token keyword">use</span> <span class="token package">Illuminate<span class="token punctuation"></span>Database<span class="token punctuation"></span>Seeder</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name">PostsTableSeeder</span> <span class="token keyword">extends</span> <span class="token class-name">Seeder</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token comment">/**
     * Run the database seeds.
     *
     * @return void
     */</span>
    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function">run</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        <span class="token comment">//</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

</span>

<?php

use IlluminateDatabaseSeeder;

class PostsTableSeeder extends Seeder

{

/**

* Run the database seeds.

* @return void

*/

public function run()

{

//

}

Một lớp seed chỉ chứa phương thức mặc định run.
Phương thức này sẽ được gọi khi chạy lệnh artisan cmd php artisan db:seed.
Trong phương thức run ta sẽ insert dữ liệu.

    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function">run</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        <span class="token variable">$posts</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>
            <span class="token punctuation">[</span>
                <span class="token single-quoted-string string">'id'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
                <span class="token single-quoted-string string">'title'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token single-quoted-string string">'Lập trình PHP'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
                <span class="token single-quoted-string string">'slug'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token function">str_slug</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token single-quoted-string string">'Lập trình PHP'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
                <span class="token single-quoted-string string">'content'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token single-quoted-string string">'....'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
                <span class="token single-quoted-string string">'category_id'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token function">rand</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
            <span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
            <span class="token punctuation">[</span>
                <span class="token single-quoted-string string">'id'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
                <span class="token single-quoted-string string">'title'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token single-quoted-string string">'Lập trình Ruby'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
                <span class="token single-quoted-string string">'slug'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token function">str_slug</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token single-quoted-string string">'Lập trình Ruby'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
                <span class="token single-quoted-string string">'content'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token single-quoted-string string">'....'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
                <span class="token single-quoted-string string">'category_id'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token function">rand</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
            <span class="token punctuation">]</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

        <span class="token keyword">try</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
            <span class="token keyword">foreach</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$posts</span> <span class="token keyword">as</span> <span class="token variable">$post</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
                Post<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token function">create</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$post</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
            <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
        <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">catch</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token class-name"><span class="token punctuation"></span>Throwable</span> <span class="token variable">$th</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>

        <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>

{

$posts = [

[

'id' => 1,

'title' => 'Lập trình PHP',

'slug' => str_slug('Lập trình PHP'),

'content' => '....',

'category_id' => rand(1,3),

],

[

'title' => 'Lập trình Ruby',

'slug' => str_slug('Lập trình Ruby'),

]

];

try {

foreach ($posts as $post) {

Post::create($post);

}

} catch (Throwable $th) {

}

Sử dụng Factory

Tùy vào nhu cầu người dùng có thể insert dữ liệu bằng tay hay sử dụng sử liệu random.
Sử dụng model factory để tạo ra nhiều bản ghi.
Để tạo factory ta dùng lệnh php artisan make:factory [tên_factory] VD: PostFactory

<span class="token php language-php"><span class="token delimiter important">&lt;?php</span>

<span class="token comment">/** @var IlluminateDatabaseEloquentFactory $factory */</span>

<span class="token keyword">use</span> <span class="token package">App<span class="token punctuation"></span>Model</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">use</span> <span class="token package">Faker<span class="token punctuation"></span>Generator</span> <span class="token keyword">as</span> Faker<span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token variable">$factory</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span><span class="token function">define</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Model<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token keyword">class</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>Faker <span class="token variable">$faker</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>
        <span class="token comment">//</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

</span>

<?php

/** @var IlluminateDatabaseEloquentFactory $factory */

use AppModel;

use FakerGenerator as Faker;

$factory->define(Model::class, function (Faker $faker) {

return [

//

];

});

Ta cần sửa lại model và bắt đầu insert dữ liệu, ở dưới đây tôi sử dụng faker để tạo dữ liệu mẫu.
Một số faker mẫu.

#	Cú pháp	Kết quả ví dụ
1	$faker->randomDigit	7
2	$faker->word	‘aut’
3	$faker->name	‘Dr. Zane Stroman’
4	$faker->address	‘8888 Cummings Vista Apt. 101, Susanbury, NY 95473’
5	$faker->phoneNumber	‘201-886-0269 x3767’
6	$faker->company	‘Bogan-Treutel’
7	$faker->text	‘Dr. Zane Stroman’
9	$faker->dateTime($max = ‘now’, $timezone = null)	DateTime(‘2008-04-25 08:37:17’, ‘UTC’)
10	$faker->email	‘[email protected]‘
11	$faker->chrome	‘Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; PPC Mac OS X 10_6_5) AppleWebKit/5312 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/14.0.894.0 Safari/5312’
12	$faker->hexcolor	‘#fa3cc2’
13	$faker->fileExtension	‘avi’
14	$faker->imageUrl($width = 640, $height = 480)	URL ảnh có kích thước 640 x 480
15	$faker->uuid	‘7e57d004-2b97-0e7a-b45f-5387367791cd’
16	$faker->ean13	‘4006381333931’
17	$faker->md5	‘de99a620c50f2990e87144735cd357e7’
18	$faker->randomHtml(2,3)	Tạo tài liệu HTML sâu không quá 2 cấp và rộng không quá 3 phần tử ở mọi cấp.

Bạn có thể xem chi tiết tại

<span class="token variable">$factory</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span><span class="token function">define</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Post<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token keyword">class</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>Faker <span class="token variable">$faker</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token variable">$title</span> <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token variable">$faker</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span><span class="token function">text</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>
        <span class="token single-quoted-string string">'title'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token variable">$title</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
        <span class="token single-quoted-string string">'slug'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token function">str_slug</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token variable">$title</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
        <span class="token single-quoted-string string">'content'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token variable">$faker</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span><span class="token function">text</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
        <span class="token single-quoted-string string">'category_id'</span> <span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token function">rand</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

$factory->define(Post::class, function (Faker $faker) {

$title = $faker->text(10);

return [

'title' => $title,

'slug' => str_slug($title),

'content' => $faker->text(100),

];

});

Sau khi định nghĩa sau thì trong hàm run của lớp PostsTableSeeder ta chỉ cần gọi factory(tên_lớp, số_lượng)->create() .

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function">run</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token function">factory</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Post<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token keyword">class</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span><span class="token function">create</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

{

factory(Post::class, 100)->create();

}

Gọi Seeders

Trong lớp DatabaseSeeder, ta có thể call các lớp seed khác.

<span class="token php language-php"><span class="token delimiter important">&lt;?php</span>

<span class="token keyword">use</span> <span class="token package">Illuminate<span class="token punctuation"></span>Database<span class="token punctuation"></span>Seeder</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token keyword">class</span> <span class="token class-name">DatabaseSeeder</span> <span class="token keyword">extends</span> <span class="token class-name">Seeder</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token comment">/**
     * Seed the application's database.
     *
     * @return void
     */</span>
    <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">function</span> <span class="token function">run</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        <span class="token variable">$this</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span><span class="token function">call</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>CategoriesTableSeeder<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token keyword">class</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        <span class="token variable">$this</span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token operator">&gt;</span><span class="token function">call</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>PostsTableSeeder<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token keyword">class</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

</span>

<?php

class DatabaseSeeder extends Seeder

{

/**

* Seed the application's database.

* @return void

*/

{

$this->call(CategoriesTableSeeder::class);

$this->call(PostsTableSeeder::class);

}

Chú ý khi call các lớp phải theo thứ tự quan hệ. VD: Ở trên ta chạy CategoriesTableSeeder trước vì PostsTableSeeder cần có category_id để insert vào trong cột category_id của PostsTableSeeder .

Chạy Seeders

Trước khi chạy bạn nên load lại các file sử dụng composer dump-autoload
Sử dụng php artisan db:seed để chạy tất cả các file được call trong lớp DatabaseSeeder.
Chỉ định seed một lớp php artisan db:seed --class=UsersTableSeeder.
Sử dụng php artisan migrate:fresh --seed để xóa tất cả các bảng sau đó chạy lại các bảng và seed.

Kết luận

Seed cho phép tạo dữ liệu mẫu nhanh chóng và tái sử dụng lại.
Với thư viện Faker cho phép tạo những dữ liệu mẫu đúng với thực tế hơn.
Thuật lợi cho quá trình phát triển và kiểm thử ứng dụng.

Tài liệu tham khảo

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